In the previous guide Building a web application we created a web application using Sequent with Sinatra. In this guide we will continue with that web application and will show you how to add Form validation, and let the Author add Posts.

Adding form validation

Every web application needs some sort of form validation. When creating a Sequent application you typically bind a Command to a web form. A Command respresents user intent, like AddPost or AddAuthor. Sequent does not provide any view helpers to render errors in the UI like for instance Rails does. Sequent does provide a way to do Command validation using the Validation module from Rails. Please check validations in our Reference Guide for all the details. For now we stick to the ‘create author’ form in our web application.

If we fire up the blog application and open the home page and directly hit the ‘Create author’ button the form blows up with a

Sequent::Core::CommandNotValid at /authors
Invalid command AddAuthor 57424bba-1bb3-4cfb-9d64-5b974ff5f3ff, errors: {:name=>["can't be blank"], :email=>["can't be blank"]}

Let’s refresh our minds and see what AddAuthor looks like:

class AddAuthor < Sequent::Command
  attrs name: String, email: String
  validates_presence_of :name, :email
end

The only checks we do it that the name and email should be present, but since Sequent uses the Rails validation module you can add any validates method available.

So in order to provide proper feedback to the user we need to handle this error in Sinatra and display the error messages at the correct fields.

For this guide we somewhat refactored the web application and added bootstrap for some nifty look and feel and extracted some command erb code into a default layout, this is automatically picked up by Sinatra.

In app/view/layout.erb

<html>
  <head>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-Gn5384xqQ1aoWXA+058RXPxPg6fy4IWvTNh0E263XmFcJlSAwiGgFAW/dAiS6JXm" crossorigin="anonymous">
  </head>
  <body>
    <div class="container">
      <h1 style="margin-bottom: 20px">Sequent powered Blog</h1>
      <%= yield %>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>

In order to display the error messages in the form we first need to rescue from the Sequent::Core::CommandNotValid in the post '/authors'

In app/web.rb

  post '/authors' do
    author_id = Sequent.new_uuid
    @command = AddAuthor.from_params(params.merge(aggregate_id: author_id))
    Sequent.command_service.execute_commands @command

    flash[:notice] = 'Account created'
    redirect "/authors/id/#{author_id}"
  rescue Sequent::Core::CommandNotValid => e
    @errors = e.errors
    erb :index
  end

We have changed 2 things here:

  1. Added the rescue block and stored the errors in @errors. We will use this in the erb to display the error messages.
  2. We have changed the command attribute into an instance variable @command so it is available in the erb for displaying the value in the form fields. This is necessary when submitting the form with an error. If this happens you want to show the values the user typed in.

Now we need to change the html form. First we add some code to ensure the form fields are rendered in red when it contains an invalid value:

In app/views/index.erb

<form method="post" action="/authors">
  <div class="form-group">
    <label for="name">Name</label>
    <input
      id="name"
      name="name"
      type="text"
      value="<%= h @command&.name %>"
      class="form-control <%= error_css_class(:name) %>"
    />
  <div class="form-group">
    <label for="email">Email</label>
    <input
      id="email"
      name="email"
      type="email"
      value="<%= h @command&.email %>"
      class="form-control <%= error_css_class(:email) %>"
    />
  </div>
  <button class="btn btn-primary">Create author</button>
</form>

And we have added the following helpers to get the errors for certain attributes

In app/web.rb

class Web < Sinatra::Base
  # omitted ...

  helpers do
    def has_errors_for(attribute)
      @errors && @errors[attribute].present?
    end

    def errors(attribute)
      @errors[attribute] if has_errors_for(attribute)
    end

    def error_css_class(attribute)
      has_errors_for(attribute) ? 'is-invalid' : ''
    end
  end
end

When we now submit an empty form we can see the input fields are displayed in red. The last thing we need to do is display the error messages underneath the input fields.

We end up with this:

In app/views/index.erb

<form method="post" action="/authors">
  <div class="form-group">
    <label for="name">Name</label>
    <input
      id="name"
      name="name"
      type="text"
      value="<%= h @command&.name %>"
      class="form-control <%= error_css_class(:name) %>"
    />
    <% if has_errors_for(:name) %>
      <div class="invalid-feedback">
        <% errors(:name).each do |error| %>
          <p><%= h error %></p>
        <% end %>
      </div>
    <% end %>
  <div class="form-group">
    <label for="email">Email</label>
    <input
      id="email"
      name="email"
      type="email"
      value="<%= h @command&.email %>"
      class="form-control <%= error_css_class(:email) %>"
    />
    <% if has_errors_for(:email) %>
      <div class="invalid-feedback">
        <% errors(:email).each do |error| %>
          <p><%= h error %></p>
        <% end %>
      </div>
    <% end %>
  </div>
  <button class="btn btn-primary">Create author</button>
</form>

When we now submit an empty form the error messages are displayed underneath the input fields.

So to summarize, when creating a web application:

  1. In Sequent you typically bind forms to Command objects
  2. You can rescue from the Sequent::Core::CommandNotValid in order to display validation errors in the Commands
  3. Using Sinatra it is trivial to display those errors the ‘Railsy’ way.

What about errors that occur outside Command validation? Remember that we enforce uniqueness of email addresses in the Usernames AggregateRoot. This will raise a Usernames::UsernameAlreadyRegistered error and is not rescued in our web application.

Again this is not something that Sequent handles for you since it is not a web framework. It is however not that hard to rescue from. Since we only have one custom error class in this example we will rescue this error explictly.

Tip: If your application grows you can of course create a base error class for your app and rescue from that in you Sinatra controllers.

In app/web.rb

class Web < Sinatra::Base
  post '/authors' do
    author_id = Sequent.new_uuid
    @command = AddAuthor.from_params(params.merge(aggregate_id: author_id))
    Sequent.command_service.execute_commands @command

    flash[:notice] = 'Account created'
    redirect "/authors/id/#{author_id}"
  rescue Sequent::Core::CommandNotValid => e
    @errors = e.errors
    erb :index
  rescue Usernames::UsernameAlreadyRegistered
    @errors = {email: ['already registered, please choose another']}
    erb :index
  end
end

Adding and editing Posts

In order to have a fully working blog application an author needs to be able to submit and edit posts. In this example we won’t go into detail on how to do login, since that is not in Sequent scope.

For now we will just add the ability to add and edit a Post on the Authors show page.

To be able to add and edit posts we need to add the following code. Since this is somewhat of a repeat of what we did earlier in creating an Author we just show the code that needs to be added.

First add the domain logic for editting posts.

In lib/post/commands.rb

class EditPost < Sequent::Command
  attrs title: String, content: String
  validates_presence_of :title, :content
end

In lib/post/post_command_handler.rb

class PostCommandHandler < Sequent::CommandHandler
  on EditPost do |command|
    do_with_aggregate(command, Post) do |post|
      post.edit(command.title, command.content)
    end
  end
end

In lib/post/post.rb

class Post < Sequent::AggregateRoot
  def edit(title, content)
    apply PostTitleChanged, title: title
    apply PostContentChanged, content: content
  end
end

And the final version of the PostProjector is

In app/projectors/post_projector.rb

require_relative '../records/post_record'
require_relative '../../lib/post/events'

class PostProjector < Sequent::Projector
  manages_tables PostRecord

  on PostAdded do |event|
    create_record(PostRecord, aggregate_id: event.aggregate_id)
  end

  on PostAuthorChanged do |event|
    update_all_records(
      PostRecord,
      {aggregate_id: event.aggregate_id},
      event.attributes.slice(:author_aggregate_id)
    )
  end

  on PostTitleChanged do |event|
    update_all_records(PostRecord, {aggregate_id: event.aggregate_id}, event.attributes.slice(:title))
  end

  on PostContentChanged do |event|
    update_all_records(PostRecord, {aggregate_id: event.aggregate_id}, event.attributes.slice(:content))
  end
end

In app/web.rb

class Web < Sinatra::Base
  post '/authors/id/:author_id/post' do
      post_id = Sequent.new_uuid
  
      @command = AddPost.from_params(
        params.merge(
          aggregate_id: post_id,
          author_aggregate_id: params[:author_id],
        )
      )
      Sequent.command_service.execute_commands @command
  
      flash[:notice] = 'Post created'
  
      redirect "/authors/id/#{params[:author_id]}/post/#{post_id}"
    rescue Sequent::Core::CommandNotValid => e
      @author = AuthorRecord.find_by(aggregate_id: params[:author_id])
      @errors = e.errors
      erb :'authors/show'
    end

  get '/authors/id/:author_id/post/:post_id' do
    @author = AuthorRecord.find_by(aggregate_id: params[:author_id])
    post_record = PostRecord.find_by(aggregate_id: params[:post_id])
    @command = EditPost.new(
      aggregate_id: params[:post_id],
      title: post_record.title,
      content: post_record.content,
    )
    erb :'authors/show'
  end

  post '/authors/id/:author_id/post/:post_id' do
    @command = EditPost.from_params(
      params.merge(
        aggregate_id: params[:post_id],
      )
    )

    Sequent.command_service.execute_commands @command
    flash[:notice] = 'Post saved'
    redirect back
  rescue Sequent::Core::CommandNotValid => e
    @author = AuthorRecord.find_by(aggregate_id: params[:author_id])
    @errors = e.errors
    erb :'authors/show'
  end

  helpers do
    def post_action(command)
      @command&.is_a?(EditPost) ? "/authors/id/#{params[:author_id]}/post/#{command.aggregate_id}" : "/authors/id/#{params[:author_id]}/post"
    end
  end
end

We also need to add the form for submitting posts in the Author show

The complete app/views/authors/show.erb

<div class="container">
  <p>
    <a href="/authors">Back to all authors</a>
  </p>
  <h1>Author <%= h @author.name %> </h1>

  <table class="table">
    <tbody>
      <% @author.post_records.order(:id).each do |post_record| %>
        <tr>
          <td><%= h post_record.title %></td>
          <td>
            <a href="<%= "/authors/id/#{@author.aggregate_id}/post/#{post_record.aggregate_id}" %>">
              <%= h post_record.aggregate_id %>
            </a>
          </td>
        </tr>
      <% end %>
    </tbody>
  </table>

  <p>Email: <%= h @author.email %></p>

  <form method="post" action="<%= post_action(@command) %>">
    <div class="form-group">
      <label for="title">Title</label>
      <input
        id="title"
        name="title"
        type="text"
        value="<%= h @command&.title %>"
        class="form-control <%= error_css_class(:title) %>"
        />
      <% if has_errors_for(:title) %>
        <div class="invalid-feedback">
          <% errors(:title).each do |error| %>
            <p><%= h error %></p>
          <% end %>
        </div>
      <% end %>
    </div>
    <div class="form-group">
      <label for="content">Content</label>
      <textarea
        id="content"
        name="content"
        rows="10"
        class="form-control <%= error_css_class(:content) %>"
      ><%= h @command&.content %></textarea>
      <% if has_errors_for(:content) %>
        <div class="invalid-feedback">
          <% errors(:content).each do |error| %>
            <p><%= h error %></p>
          <% end %>
        </div>
      <% end %>
    </div>

    <button class="btn btn-primary">Save</button>
  </form>
</div>

Since we follow a naming convention in the AddPost command and EditPost command we can use the same form.

As we want to access the post records from our author record we need to add an has_many relation in app/records/author_record.rb

  class AuthorRecord < Sequent::ApplicationRecord
    has_many :post_records, foreign_key: 'author_aggregate_id', primary_key: 'aggregate_id'
  end

We need to add this new foreign_key as a new column in the post table. We need to update db/tables/post_records.sql

 CREATE TABLE post_records%SUFFIX% (
     id serial NOT NULL,
     aggregate_id uuid NOT NULL,
     author_aggregate_id uuid,
     author character varying,
     title character varying,
     content character varying,
     CONSTRAINT post_records_pkey%SUFFIX% PRIMARY KEY (id)
 );
 
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX post_records_keys%SUFFIX% ON post_records%SUFFIX% USING btree (aggregate_id);

Then run & update the migration as you did in 3.Building a web application > 5. Update and run the migration

Wrap up

In this guide we have added form validation and added the possibility for Authors to add and edit Posts. If in your domain it is also necessary for an Author keeps track of it’s posts to enforce some sort of business rule then you will also need to add this to your domain logic. This can be done for instance in the PostCommandHandler:

  on AddPost do |command|
    post = Post.new(command)
    repository.add_aggregate(post)
    author = repository.load_aggregate(command.author_aggregate_id, Author)
    author.add_post(post.id)
  end

Of course this entirely depends on your domain whether it is important to you.